Category: Philosophy and logic

book quality	: Good
Date of Coming	: 2022-08-10
Number of Pages	: 134
Section	: Philosophy and logic
Size of file	: 4.74MB
Language	: Arabic
Auther	: Abbas Mahmoud al-Aqqad
Department	: Social sciences

Author: Abbas Mahmoud al-Aqqad

About the Author: Abbas Mahmoud El-Akkad is an Egyptian writer, thinker, journalist and poet. He was born in Aswan in 1889. He is a former member of the Egyptian Parliament, and a member of the Academy of the Arabic Language. His literary production did not stop despite the harsh conditions he went through. Where he used to write articles and send them to Fosoul magazine, and he was also translating some topics for them. Al-Akkad is considered one of the most important writers of the twentieth century in Egypt. He contributed greatly to the literary and political life, and added to the Arabic library more than a hundred books in various fields. Al-Akkad succeeded in journalism. This is due to his encyclopedic culture, as he used to write both poetry and prose, and he was known to be an encyclopedist of knowledge, reading in human history, philosophy, literature and sociology.
He was famous for his literary and intellectual battles with the poet Ahmed Shawky, Dr. Taha Hussein, Dr. Zaki Mubarak, the writer Mustafa Sadiq Al-Rafi’i, the Iraqi Dr. Mustafa Jawad, and Dr. Aisha Abdul Rahman (Bint Al-Shati). He also disagreed with his fellow poet Abdul Rahman Shukri, and issued a book of Authored by Al-Mazni with the title Al-Diwan, in which he attacked the Prince of Poets, Ahmed Shawky, and laid the rules for his poetry school. Al-Akkad died in Cairo in 1964.

عقائد المفكرين book pdf download By Abbas Mahmoud al-Aqqad

توالت الاكتشافات العلمية الكبرى في القرون الأربعة الأخيرة؛ حيث فسرت الكثير من الظواهر الطبيعية، ونتج عن هذه الثورة العلمية أن وثق الناس أكثر في العلم، وبدءوا يتملمون ضد سلطات رجال الدين حتى وصل الأمر إلى أن رفض البعض الدين بالكلية، وأسقطوا العقائد الدينية مما ترك خواءً نفسيًّا وروحيًّا، وجعل الناس أكثر قلقًا تجاه قضايا الوجود وموقع الإنسان في هذا الكون وسبب وجوده. ويقوم العقاد في هذا الكتاب بتتبع النظريات والفروض العلمية كنظرية النشوء والارتقاء، وكشوف كوبرنيكوس، والقوانين العلمية المادية، كذلك أرَّقت مشكلة وجود الشر في العالم أذهان الفلاسفة. ويرى أن تلك النظريات والأفكار الفلسفية كانت سببًا في الإلحاد والإنكار؛ وذلك عندما اعتنقها البعض وجعلها بديلًا عن العقائد الدينية. ويقول العقاد: إن المائتي سنة القادمة ستكون كافية للفصل في أزمة العقيدة الحاضرة

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Number of Pages	: 58
Date of Coming	: 2022-08-10
Auther	: Abbas Mahmoud al-Aqqad
book quality	: Good
Department	: Social sciences
Language	: Arabic
Size of file	: 4.71MB
Section	: Philosophy and logic

Author: Abbas Mahmoud al-Aqqad

About the Author: Abbas Mahmoud El-Akkad is an Egyptian writer, thinker, journalist and poet. He was born in Aswan in 1889. He is a former member of the Egyptian Parliament, and a member of the Academy of the Arabic Language. His literary production did not stop despite the harsh conditions he went through. Where he used to write articles and send them to Fosoul magazine, and he was also translating some topics for them. Al-Akkad is considered one of the most important writers of the twentieth century in Egypt. He contributed greatly to the literary and political life, and added to the Arabic library more than a hundred books in various fields. Al-Akkad succeeded in journalism. This is due to his encyclopedic culture, as he used to write both poetry and prose, and he was known to be an encyclopedist of knowledge, reading in human history, philosophy, literature and sociology.
He was famous for his literary and intellectual battles with the poet Ahmed Shawky, Dr. Taha Hussein, Dr. Zaki Mubarak, the writer Mustafa Sadiq Al-Rafi’i, the Iraqi Dr. Mustafa Jawad, and Dr. Aisha Abdul Rahman (Bint Al-Shati). He also disagreed with his fellow poet Abdul Rahman Shukri, and issued a book of Authored by Al-Mazni with the title Al-Diwan, in which he attacked the Prince of Poets, Ahmed Shawky, and laid the rules for his poetry school. Al-Akkad died in Cairo in 1964.

مجمَع الأحياء book pdf download By Abbas Mahmoud al-Aqqad

جمع «العقاد» في هذا الكتاب الأحياء جميعًا، فجعل كلًّا منهم يجادل عن فكرته، ويُفصِح عمَّا بداخله، ليستخلص في النهاية أن النضال بين المبادئ والأهواء مستمر، وأن الخير والشر في صراع دائم، وفي ذات الوقت لا ينفصلان. ولم يُعرَف «العقاد» فيلسوفًا في وقت أكثر مما عُرِف في هذا الكتاب، فقد تطرَّقَ إلى جملة من الفلسفات الأخلاقية التي تحكم الوجود الإنساني، مثل مبدأ القوة ومبدأ القبح ومبدأ الجمال، إضافةً إلى المكر والدهاء واحتمال المصائب وقضية المرأة. ولغة الكتاب تقوم على مجموعة من الخطابات الفكرية التي تقدِّمها مجموعةٌ من الكائنات في عالم الإنسان والحيوان بطريقةٍ رمزيةٍ.

Download PDF of مجمَع الأحياء book pdf download By Abbas Mahmoud al-Aqqad
-Adrian Agency Library

Language	: Arabic
Auther	: Mahdi Al-Musousi
Size of file	: 0.83MB
Date of Coming	: 2022-08-10
Number of Pages	: 102
book quality	: Good
Department	: Social sciences
Section	: Philosophy and logic

Author: Mahdi Al-Musousi

الإنسان النوراني book pdf download By Mahdi Al-Musousi

يحكي هذا الكتاب عن حالة إنسان قد كشفت له الحياة عن جواهرها ومكنون أسرارها فأصبح ملكا على عرش نفسه باحثا عن الله في كل شيء جميل، وغدا يرقص من اعماق روحه مع الحياة بدون ان يتعلق بها ويقرأ كتاب الغابة من خلال بذرة صغيرة ويذوب في صلاته بالفطرة بلات توجيه من شيخ قاسي القلب او من قس احمق. ان الانسان النوراني الذي استنار بالحكمة يدعونا لإلقاء الهموم في جيوبنا المثقوبة وان لا نلتقط الا فرص الحب من بين ركام هذا العالم ونواصل العزف في القيثارة ولو كانت مسكورة. ان حكايته واسراره تغمر روحنا بالسلام وتلهمنا للحفاظ على الانسان الكامن بداخلنا في عالم مضطرب.

Download PDF of الإنسان النوراني book pdf download By Mahdi Al-Musousi
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Size of file	: 5.96MB
book quality	: Good
Auther	: Mahdi Al-Musousi
Section	: Philosophy and logic
Language	: Arabic
Number of Pages	: 167
Department	: Social sciences
Date of Coming	: 2022-08-10

Author: Mahdi Al-Musousi

الرقص مع الحياة book pdf download By Mahdi Al-Musousi

طلبت من الله كل شيء لأستمتع بالحياة.. فأهداني الله الحياة لأستمتع بكل شيء” هذا كتاب البحث عن أسرار الحياة الطيبة والأسباب الخفية للبهجة والمفاتيح الصغيرة للسعادة. تعالوا لنحتفل بالحياة ونغوص في بحورها ونكشف عن كنوزها وأسرارها ونفوز بدررها المخفية. لنجعل قلوبنا ثروتنا الحقيقية ونرمي أحزاننا في جيوبنا المثقوبة ونجعل أيامنا تضجّ بالحياة

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-Adrian Agency Library

Size of file	: 3.37MB
book quality	: Good
Department	: Social sciences
Language	: Arabic
Auther	: Carl Gustav Young
Section	: Philosophy and logic
Date of Coming	: 2022-08-10
Number of Pages	: 106

Author: Carl Gustav Young

التنقيب في أغوار النفس book pdf download By Carl Gustav Young

يؤكد الدكتور يونغ أن بقاء حضارة الإنسان قد تتوقف إلى حدّ كبير على سدّ الفجوة المتسعة بين جانبي الواعية والخافية في النفس الإنسانية. والكتاب هو في آن معاً، تحذير جاد ووصف مطول يبين أن الإنسان، وهو يعيش في عصر لم تعد تهدده فيه الكوارث الطبيعية ولا أخطار الأوبئة العالمية، بات عرضة لأخطار التغيرات التي تحدث داخله. فقط عندما يفهم الفرد ثنائية طبيعته-قدرته على إتيان الشرّ كقدرته على إتيان الخير-يستطيع أن يفهم ويكافح الخطر الذي يأتي من قبل من هم في السلطة.

Download PDF of التنقيب في أغوار النفس book pdf download By Carl Gustav Young
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Number of Pages	: 56
Auther	: Salah Labaki
Date of Coming	: 2022-08-10
book quality	: Good
Section	: Philosophy and logic
Size of file	: 33.1MB
Department	: Social sciences
Language	: Arabic

Author: Salah Labaki

من أعماق الجبل book pdf download By Salah Labaki

استطاعَ «صلاح لبكي» في هذا الكتابِ أنْ يرسمَ من وحيِ جبلِ «لبنان» عدةَ أساطير، يَستشرفُ من خلالِها قِيمَ الحُبِّ والجمال، فجاءَ بأساطيرِ اليونانِ القديمة، وما احتوتْ عليهِ من «طبيعةٍ وَثَنيةٍ» مُضْفيًا عليها من جَمالِ وروعةِ الطبيعةِ اللبنانية، وشرائعِ الكتبِ السَّماويَّة، فأخرجَ لنا مزجًا خاصًّا، مُفْعَمًا بقصصِ الأَقْدمِين، ومُغطًّى بوجهٍ لبنانيٍّ يَشعُّ منه نورُ الثلجِ الأبيض. وقد أنبتَتْ نظرةُ الكاتبِ الفلسفيةُ للأساطيرِ والقصصِ فهمًا جديدًا للحقيقةِ الكامنةِ وراءَ تِلْكُمُ الحِكايات؛ حيثُ ترَكَ الكاتبُ لنفْسِهِ الحريةَ للإبداعِ في إطارِ أصولِ هذهِ الأساطير، وجعلَها أيضًا متَّصِلةً بقصصِها القديمة، وما اشتملتْ عليه من عقائدَ وخُرَافات.

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Department	: Social sciences
Size of file	: 7.83MB
Date of Coming	: 2022-08-10
Section	: Philosophy and logic
Language	: Arabic
Number of Pages	: 404
book quality	: Good
Auther	: Shibli Shamil

Author: Shibli Shamil

About the Author: Shibli Shamil: A Lebanese physician and thinker, he is considered one of the first to adopt the theory of evolution and development in the Arab East, and he used his pen to advocate for it, and to link it to life and social issues. Shibli bin Ibrahim Shamil was born in 1850 AD, in Kafr Shima, south of Beirut, and grew up in a religious establishment in a house of knowledge and literature, but he later rebelled against the Church and the teachings of its men, claiming that it contradicted open minds and free understandings. He received his primary education at the American Missionaries School in Beirut, and deepened the study of Arabic literature, Islamic culture and philosophy, until his colleagues called him “The Philosopher Professor.” In 1866 CE, he joined the Syrian Evangelical College in Beirut (currently the American University) to study medicine, and graduated in 1871 CE, after he presented a thesis entitled: “The Difference of Animals and Man with regard to Territory, Food and Education,” in which he stated much of what he found in support of Darwin’s doctrine. In 1875, he went to Paris and stayed there for a whole year, during which he deepened in medical sciences, got acquainted with many philosophical schools, and saw that he had found evidence of the theory of evolution and reassured his mind and conscience of their correctness. A movement active in the late nineteenth century held that the natural sciences alone were the key to understanding the secrets of the universe. Shamil moved from France to Egypt, worked in medicine, and was considered one of the most famous Arab doctors. He saw that medicine should be free and purely to serve people and relieve their pain. In 1886 AD, he issued a monthly medical journal called “Al-Shifa”, edited by senior doctors in Egypt. But his main battle was intellectual of the first order; He took it upon himself to defend his views, speaking out what he saw as mere truth, and his endorsement of Darwin’s doctrine of evolution was met with sharp attack. Shibli Shamil was afflicted with asthma in his last years, and his health fell ill, and he passed away in Cairo in 1917 AD, as a result of a severe asthma attack. He left two large volumes that included a group of his most important books, namely: “Buchner’s Commentary on Darwin’s Doctrine,” “The Truth,” “Scientific and Social Investigations,” and “The Views of Dr. Shibli Shamil.”

مباحث علمية واجتماعية book pdf download By Shibli Shamil

يضمُّ الكتاب بين دفَّتَيه مباحث متنوعة في موضوعات علمية واجتماعية شتى، وقد كتبها الدكتور «شبلي شميل» على فترات زمنية مختلفة، ونُشرت كمقالات منفصلة في صحف ومجلات مصرية وشامية عديدة، منها: مصر الفتاة، والمقتطف، والمؤيد، والأهرام، وغيرها. وهذه المقالات في مجموعها تُمثل فِكرَ المؤلِّف ورؤيته للحياة والإنسان، للتاريخ والعمران، ونَقْدَه للأدب والسياسة والفكر الديني. ويُمثل هذا الكتاب إحدى أولى الأُطروحات الرائدة والمثيرة للجدل في الفكر العربي الحديث والمعاصر؛ فهو يُعد من المحاولات العربية المبكرة التي تؤكد على أهمية المذهب الدارويني في فَهم أصل الحياة، وأهمية فَهم الاجتماع البشري ونُظم الحكم من منظور علماني، بالإضافة إلى الميل إلى الاشتراكية كنظام اقتصادي واجتماعي.

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Department	: Social sciences
book quality	: Good
Date of Coming	: 2022-08-10
Auther	: Shibli Shamil
Size of file	: 18.9MB
Number of Pages	: 192
Language	: Arabic
Section	: Philosophy and logic

Author: Shibli Shamil

About the Author: Shibli Shamil: A Lebanese physician and thinker, he is considered one of the first to adopt the theory of evolution and development in the Arab East, and he used his pen to advocate for it, and to link it to life and social issues. Shibli bin Ibrahim Shamil was born in 1850 AD, in Kafr Shima, south of Beirut, and grew up in a religious establishment in a house of knowledge and literature, but he later rebelled against the Church and the teachings of its men, claiming that it contradicted open minds and free understandings. He received his primary education at the American Missionaries School in Beirut, and deepened the study of Arabic literature, Islamic culture and philosophy, until his colleagues called him “The Philosopher Professor.” In 1866 CE, he joined the Syrian Evangelical College in Beirut (currently the American University) to study medicine, and graduated in 1871 CE, after he presented a thesis entitled: “The Difference of Animals and Man with regard to Territory, Food and Education,” in which he stated much of what he found in support of Darwin’s doctrine. In 1875, he went to Paris and stayed there for a whole year, during which he deepened in medical sciences, got acquainted with many philosophical schools, and saw that he had found evidence of the theory of evolution and reassured his mind and conscience of their correctness. A movement active in the late nineteenth century held that the natural sciences alone were the key to understanding the secrets of the universe. Shamil moved from France to Egypt, worked in medicine, and was considered one of the most famous Arab doctors. He saw that medicine should be free and purely to serve people and relieve their pain. In 1886 AD, he issued a monthly medical journal called “Al-Shifa”, edited by senior doctors in Egypt. But his main battle was intellectual of the first order; He took it upon himself to defend his views, speaking out what he saw as mere truth, and his endorsement of Darwin’s doctrine of evolution was met with sharp attack. Shibli Shamil was afflicted with asthma in his last years, and his health fell ill, and he passed away in Cairo in 1917 AD, as a result of a severe asthma attack. He left two large volumes that included a group of his most important books, namely: “Buchner’s Commentary on Darwin’s Doctrine,” “The Truth,” “Scientific and Social Investigations,” and “The Views of Dr. Shibli Shamil.”

الحقيقة: وهي رسالة تتضمَّن ردودًا لإثبات مذهب دارون في النشوء والارتقاء book pdf download By Shibli Shamil

بينَ نظريةٍ تبلوَرتْ لَدى المادِّيينَ من مُؤيِّدي مذهبِ داروين في أصلِ الأنواعِ والنُّشوءِ والارتقاء، وبينَ ثوابتَ مُستقرَّةٍ عندَ مُعارِضي الداروينيةِ وقوانينِ الانتخابِ والبقاءِ للأقوى، يُقدِّم «شبلي شميل» ما يَدعَمُ الفريقَ الأوَّلَ من الحقائقِ المُؤيَّدةِ بالاختباراتِ العِلميةِ دونَ الآراءِ النقليةِ الفلسفية؛ الحقائقِ التي يراها مُثبَتةً بالأدلةِ الملمُوسةِ دونَ الكلاميةِ الانطباعية؛ حقائقَ تُخالِفُ الموروثَ الدينيَّ والاجتماعيَّ والفلسفي، ويَنتفِضُ لأَجلِ دَحضها المُنتفِضون. في هذا الكتابِ يناقشُ المؤلِّفُ أصلَ الحياةِ والكائناتِ الحية، ويُبرهنُ على صحَّةِ ما ذهبَ إليه داروين، مُفَنِّدًا آراءَ خُصومِه، ومُنبِّهًا إلى أنَّ قَبولَ فرضيةِ انحدارِ الأحياءِ من أصلٍ واحدٍ وتنوُّعِها وتطوُّرِها حسبَ نواميسِ الطبيعةِ لا يَتعارَضُ معَ ما جاءت به الأديانُ أو مع وُجودِ الخالِق.

Download PDF of الحقيقة: وهي رسالة تتضمَّن ردودًا لإثبات مذهب دارون في النشوء والارتقاء book pdf download By Shibli Shamil
-Adrian Agency Library

Department	: Social sciences
Section	: Philosophy and logic
book quality	: Good
Number of Pages	: 154
Auther	: Shibli Shamil
Language	: Arabic
Size of file	: 12.3MB
Date of Coming	: 2022-08-10

Author: Shibli Shamil

About the Author: Shibli Shamil: A Lebanese physician and thinker, he is considered one of the first to adopt the theory of evolution and development in the Arab East, and he used his pen to advocate for it, and to link it to life and social issues. Shibli bin Ibrahim Shamil was born in 1850 AD, in Kafr Shima, south of Beirut, and grew up in a religious establishment in a house of knowledge and literature, but he later rebelled against the Church and the teachings of its men, claiming that it contradicted open minds and free understandings. He received his primary education at the American Missionaries School in Beirut, and deepened the study of Arabic literature, Islamic culture and philosophy, until his colleagues called him “The Philosopher Professor.” In 1866 CE, he joined the Syrian Evangelical College in Beirut (currently the American University) to study medicine, and graduated in 1871 CE, after he presented a thesis entitled: “The Difference of Animals and Man with regard to Territory, Food and Education,” in which he stated much of what he found in support of Darwin’s doctrine. In 1875, he went to Paris and stayed there for a whole year, during which he deepened in medical sciences, got acquainted with many philosophical schools, and saw that he had found evidence of the theory of evolution and reassured his mind and conscience of their correctness. A movement active in the late nineteenth century held that the natural sciences alone were the key to understanding the secrets of the universe. Shamil moved from France to Egypt, worked in medicine, and was considered one of the most famous Arab doctors. He saw that medicine should be free and purely to serve people and relieve their pain. In 1886 AD, he issued a monthly medical journal called “Al-Shifa”, edited by senior doctors in Egypt. But his main battle was intellectual of the first order; He took it upon himself to defend his views, speaking out what he saw as mere truth, and his endorsement of Darwin’s doctrine of evolution was met with sharp attack. Shibli Shamil was afflicted with asthma in his last years, and his health fell ill, and he passed away in Cairo in 1917 AD, as a result of a severe asthma attack. He left two large volumes that included a group of his most important books, namely: “Buchner’s Commentary on Darwin’s Doctrine,” “The Truth,” “Scientific and Social Investigations,” and “The Views of Dr. Shibli Shamil.”

شرح بخنر على مذهب داروِن book pdf download By Shibli Shamil

يرى «شبلي شميل» أن مذهب داروِن هو من البساطة بمكان، بحيث يسهل إدراكه من عنوانه، ومؤدَّاه أن الأنواع تتولَّد من أصول مشتركة، وتتحوَّل بواسطة الانتخاب الطبيعي وتنازع البقاء. وهذه الفكرة على بساطتها كانت ولا تزال صادمة بما يكفي، ومثيرة للكثير من الجدل بين العلماء والفلاسفة ورجال الدين، فضلًا عن العامَّة. لكن الداروِنية لم تعدم المؤيدين والشارحين والمطوِّرين لها، وبينهم «لودويج بخنر»، الفيلسوف والطبيب الألماني الذي اعتنق الماديَّة ورأى في فلسفة النشوء والارتقاء ترسيخًا لها. والمؤلِّف هنا يستعرض تلك الشروحات، ويتصرف فيها بما يقرِّبها للأذهان، ويقابل الحجَّة بالحجَّة، وصولًا إلى تقديم صورة متكاملة للحياة والإنسان كما يفسرهما داروِن وبخنر، ومن سار على طريقهما من الماديين.

Download PDF of شرح بخنر على مذهب داروِن book pdf download By Shibli Shamil
-Adrian Agency Library

Size of file	: 10.6MB
Language	: Arabic
Section	: Philosophy and logic
Number of Pages	: 42
Department	: Social sciences
Auther	: Shibli Shamil
Date of Coming	: 2022-08-10
book quality	: Good

Author: Shibli Shamil

About the Author: Shibli Shamil: A Lebanese physician and thinker, he is considered one of the first to adopt the theory of evolution and development in the Arab East, and he used his pen to advocate for it, and to link it to life and social issues. Shibli bin Ibrahim Shamil was born in 1850 AD, in Kafr Shima, south of Beirut, and grew up in a religious establishment in a house of knowledge and literature, but he later rebelled against the Church and the teachings of its men, claiming that it contradicted open minds and free understandings. He received his primary education at the American Missionaries School in Beirut, and deepened the study of Arabic literature, Islamic culture and philosophy, until his colleagues called him “The Philosopher Professor.” In 1866 CE, he joined the Syrian Evangelical College in Beirut (currently the American University) to study medicine, and graduated in 1871 CE, after he presented a thesis entitled: “The Difference of Animals and Man with regard to Territory, Food and Education,” in which he stated much of what he found in support of Darwin’s doctrine. In 1875, he went to Paris and stayed there for a whole year, during which he deepened in medical sciences, got acquainted with many philosophical schools, and saw that he had found evidence of the theory of evolution and reassured his mind and conscience of their correctness. A movement active in the late nineteenth century held that the natural sciences alone were the key to understanding the secrets of the universe. Shamil moved from France to Egypt, worked in medicine, and was considered one of the most famous Arab doctors. He saw that medicine should be free and purely to serve people and relieve their pain. In 1886 AD, he issued a monthly medical journal called “Al-Shifa”, edited by senior doctors in Egypt. But his main battle was intellectual of the first order; He took it upon himself to defend his views, speaking out what he saw as mere truth, and his endorsement of Darwin’s doctrine of evolution was met with sharp attack. Shibli Shamil was afflicted with asthma in his last years, and his health fell ill, and he passed away in Cairo in 1917 AD, as a result of a severe asthma attack. He left two large volumes that included a group of his most important books, namely: “Buchner’s Commentary on Darwin’s Doctrine,” “The Truth,” “Scientific and Social Investigations,” and “The Views of Dr. Shibli Shamil.”

آراء الدكتور شبلي شميل book pdf download By Shibli Shamil

«أغرب من آراء شميل.» كادت تلك العبارة أن تذهب مثلًا بين الناس، بعدما أشاع النقاد عن الدكتور شبلي شميل غرابة أفكاره الدينية والاجتماعية، واتهموه بالإلحاد والخروج عن العُرف والدين. ولما قرأ شميل ذلك الاستغراب على ألسنة الخاصَّة والعامَّة وفي أذهانهم، أراد أن يجمع آراءه المطعون عليها تلك في كتاب؛ ليتبيَّن الجمهور حقيقتَها دون لَبس، ويكون لهم أن يقبَلوها أو يرفضوها على بيِّنة. وفي هذا الكتاب يبرز اتجاه شميل لتطبيق فلسفة النشوء والارتقاء، ليس على الكائنات الحية فقط، وإنما على العمران والمجتمعات أيضًا باعتبارهما مقابلين للكائن الحي، يتنفَّسان وينموان، ويخضعان للعلم وقوانين الطبيعة. ومن هنا ينطلق لبسط رؤيته للأديان والعلوم والآداب، ويعقد مقارنات بين الأمم الناهضة الآخذة بأسباب الارتقاء، وتلك المرتكنة إلى الجهل وتحجُّرات الما

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