الرسائل الفلسفية book pdf download

Author: Voltaire

About the Author: François-Marie Arouet (21 November 1694 – 30 May 1778) was a French Enlightenment writer, historian, and philosopher. Known by his nom de plume Voltaire, he was famous for his wit, and his criticism of Christianity—especially the Roman Catholic Church—and of slavery. Voltaire was an advocate of freedom of speech, freedom of religion, and separation of church and state.

About the Author: Voltaire was a versatile and prolific writer, producing works in almost every literary form, including plays, poems, novels, essays, histories, and scientific expositions. He wrote more than 20,000 letters and 2,000 books and pamphlets.Voltaire was one of the first authors to become renowned and commercially successful internationally. He was an outspoken advocate of civil liberties and was at constant risk from the strict censorship laws of the Catholic French monarchy. His polemics witheringly satirized intolerance, religious dogma, and the French institutions of his day. His best-known work and magnum opus, Candide, is a novella which comments on, criticizes, and ridicules many events, thinkers, and philosophies of his time.

الرسائل الفلسفية book pdf download By Voltaire

مِنَ الفِكْرِ مَا كُلَّمَا حارَبْتَهُ قَوِيَ وازْدادَ رَوَاجًا، وهَكَذا كانَ الحالُ في أَوَائلِ القَرْنِ الثامِنَ عَشَر، حِينَ ضَيَّقتِ السُّلُطاتُ الفَرَنْسِيَّةُ الخِنَاقَ عَلَى «فولتير» وتَعَرَّضتْ لكِتابِهِ «الرَّسَائِل الفَلْسَفيَّة» بالحَجْبِ والحَرْق. هَذَا الكِتَابُ الَّذِي اعتُبِرَ في فَرَنْسَا آنَذَاكَ مُخالِفًا للدِّينِ ومُحَرِّضًا عَلَى الإِلْحادِ ومُقوِّضًا للنِّظامِ الاجْتِماعِي، كَتَبَهُ فولتير إبَّانَ إِقامتِهِ في مَهْجَرِهِ بإِنْجِلترا، مَدْفوعًا بمُلاحَظتِهِ للبَوْنِ الشاسِعِ بَيْنَ المُجْتَمَعَيْنِ الإِنْجِليزيِّ والفَرَنْسِيِّ عَلى أَكْثرَ مِن صَعِيد. وهَكَذا تَأتِي هَذِه الرَّسائِلُ التَّنْوِيرِيَّةُ مُحَمَّلةً بمُقارَناتٍ تَختَصُّ بالنِّظامِ الحُكُومِيِّ والبَرْلَمانِي، والحَياةِ الكَنَسِيَّةِ والكَهَنُوتِيَّة، وكَذلِكَ الجَوانِبُ العِلْميَّةُ والأَكَادِيميَّةُ وما يَتعلَّقُ بِنَسَقِ رِعايةِ الفُنُونِ والآدَابِ في كُلٍّ مِنَ البَلَدَيْن. وَيَتَوَجَّهُ فولتير في أَكْثَرِ الرَّسائِلِ إِثارَةً إلَى امْتِداحِ أَعْلامٍ إِنْجِليزٍ ﮐ «نيوتن»، وتَجَارِبَ إِنْجِليزيَّةٍ كَجَمَاعَةِ «الكويكرز»، وذلِكَ عَلَى حِسابِ الطَّعْنِ في شَخصِيَّاتٍ فَرَنْسِيةٍ ﮐ «ديكارت» واللَّاهُوتيِّ «بليز باسكال».

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